The Koala Essay -- essays research papers fc

The native bearInroduction     The koala is the Australian jewel. It has very furry, ash colored hair,a rubbery black nose, nifty claws, fuzzy ears, and a grizzly personality, orshould I say, koalality. If you kill a koala, youll make a million off theirfur They would sell the fur to cover companies and make coats out of koala fur.Well, sadly enough, too many people argon making millions on koalas. Thats whytheyre endangered species.Habitat     The koala is distributed on the eastern coastal semi-tropical forestsof Australia, ranging from north Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and asmall area in the south of Australia.Breeding     The male koala and the female koala have two very different mating calls.When humans tally their sexual maturity at around the age of 14 or 15, koalasreach their sexual maturity at the age of two. The female produces one babyevery other year. The koala almost never produces twins. In th e females pouch,there are two nipples. The female koala gives birth after a 20-35 day gestationperiod. When the joey (baby koala) is born, it is no longer than 2 cm andweighs no more than a 1/2 gram. The joey stays in its aims pouch for 5-7months. The term "joey is used when you are talking about a baby marsupial.The mother gives "pap to the joey, a liquid from the caecum (which is similarto the human organ, appendix.) This is thought to give the joey the ability to squander only eucalyptus leaves. When the joey emerges from the pouch, it clings toits mother for another seven months. The joey stays with its mother for anotherthree or four years, until it is fully grown.Diet     Koalas eat eucalyptus and dont drink water. I guess thats how theygot their name. In the aboriginal language, "koala" bureau "no drink water."But, the koala does drink water, only when it is ill. Out of the 350 species ofeucalyptus, the koala can only eat 20, will only eat 5, and only prefers to eata certain one.Population and Extinction     Since the koala population has dropped since 50% since the turn of thecentury, the Australian government passed a law banning anything harmful to thekoalas. At first, in the 1920s they were killed for their fur. Then, somehow,a high perce... ...e      New ColumbiaEncyclopdia, 1975 ed., p. 1491      (New York Columbia University Press)Bergh, John. Austrailian Koala Hospital Assosiation,      Inc. Koala Facts Sheet,     http//onthenet.com.au/jbergh/koala2.htm      (Sydney onthenet.com)Bergh, John. Austrailian Koala Hospital Assosiation,      Inc. Koala Facts Sheet,     http//onthenet.com.au/jbergh/koala4.htm      (Sydney onthenet.com)Bergh, John. Austrailian Koala Hospital Assosiation,      Inc. Koala Facts S heet,     http//onthenet.com.au/jbergh/koala1.htm      (Sydney onthenet.com)World Book Encyclopdia, 1996 ed., 11361 (Chicago      World Book, Inc.)Payne, Oliver. "Koala Out on a Limb," National Geographic Magazine, April,1995 (Washington, D.C. National Geographic Society Press)Academic American Encyclopdia, 1994 ed., 12103.      (Danbury Grolier, Inc.)

Grooms Wedding Speech - Damn Statistics -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Spee

Grooms Wedding Speech - Damn Statistics Ladies and gentleman, I have to be honest with you all and admit that I am quite nervous slightly standing up here and speaking this evening.While I was writing my speech I came across some interesting statistics about what guests ar intellection about during a wedding speech. Apparently, twenty percent of you are thinking about getting onto the dance floor and partying the night away. Thirty percent of you are thinking about the marital status of the best man. Ladies, you may be pleased to know that he is single. Hes also not very fussy as he showed at the stag party (bachelors party). It turns out that twenty percent of you are thinking about what happened at the stag party (bachelors party). Moving swiftly on. Ten percent of you are thinking about the type of couple that we will make. A rather worrying statistic, from my point of view, is that fifteen percent of you are having romantic thoughts about the person sitting next to you. There are several people here tonight who I would like to thank.Id like to simoleons by thanking my ...

Iago’s Manipulation in Act One of Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays

Iagos Manipulation in Act One of OthelloThe events that occur in the initial half of Act 1 are all in anticipation of the lead character Othello who we are not immediately introduced too. We learn Iagos call forth in the second line of the play and Roderigos soon after, but Othello is not mentioned by his name once. Instead he is referred to as he, him and is a great deal exposit as the moor (1.1.58) he is also described as having thick lips (1.1.67) and later as being a Barbary horse (1.1.111) is continuously described by his critics, mainly Iago, as a moor, demonstrating Iagos frequently concerning nature of race and also portraying Othello as something of an alien. From this reference we are satisfactory to immediately understand Iagos true feelings and motives for Othello. The audience at this point know nothing of Othello that is gained by their witness opinion, instead we are lead to look at from Iagos race related description that Othello is a threatening and evil moor, whose beastial sexual appetite, conveyed by Iagos cries to Brabantio, telling him that an old black ram is tupping his neat ewe (1.1.89), is something of a rapist. Iagos coarse animal related language conveys Iagos feelings against Othellos marriage in a much more pronounced way. The fancy of an old black ram gives the audience nothing but negative images of Othello, especially when this old black ram is being associated with the innocence of a blanched ewe. Iago then associates Othello with the image of the devil (1.1.92) because of Othellos colour, Iago warns Brabantio that he has lost half his soul now that Desdemona is married to Othello. Iago here emphasises the biracial nature of the marriage, already cover his ability to manipulate people, in this case he is manipulating Brabantio, to believe in Iagos own opinions and in theory to eliminate all thoughts that Brabantio might of had of his own about the marriage. Despite the negative foregrounding of Othellos character by Iago, our first impressions of Othello in Act 1 are of a noble and well-spoken man, his nobility is conveyed through his speech most potent grave and reverend signiors(1.3.76) to his future father-in-law Brabantio of Othellos love for his daughter Desdemona in Act 1 guess 3. This is a very different character to what we expect from Iagos preparation for the introduction of Othello. Where we are expecting an angry and possibly violent character, we instead are met with something completely surprising, a quiet and calm man who dismisses Roderigos insult and even avoids the prospect of a conflict.

Discussion Boards :: Personal Narrative Writing

Discussion Boards I guess Im scarce behind the times but to be honest, I have never ventured into an online community. This i s not snt because I dont like computers or the internet, I just have never had either interest with comp ut outer related activities. So, trying to write this paper was very discouraging at first. I had no idea what MOOs were, except for the sound that a cow made, and MUDs, well, they just sounded a little dirty. Basically, I had never heard or knew of any online communities in my biography Through my English ramify I was eventually exposed to the various online communities, such as MOOs, MUDs, discussion forums, and e-mail lists. In class one day we were assigned to go to these different web-sites to experience the different online communit ies. So, with my feet slightly wet, I dove further into the world of virtual communication. Not subtile really where to begin I did a bet for discussion forums. Through the search I found out that there is a forum for just about anything you can imagine. There were over 5,000 results that came up and I became overwhelmed with the obvious interest that people had in these communities that I had no idea about. I contract it down and searched for discussion on the terrorist attacks. The first web-site I stumbled across was MostlyAmphigory.com . There was no particular reason that I chose this one, I just picked it out of the search results. Mostly Amphigory had a general discussion board on which various topics were discussed, some which were about the

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Brave New WorldAfter reading the novel Brave New World by Aldus Huxley it is easily realized that it is unlike both other classic story. It predicts a future overpowered by technology and where the people have no godliness. The plot of the story do me think if this would be a perfect place to live or a terrible place to live. It is hard to distinguish where the line is drawn between making life simpler and losing the moment of life. Although some may look upon this type of life with envy I personally would rather have to work harder than to lose myself.The first think that made me dislike the ideas is this book was the fact that the government overpowered the knowledge domain, causing the loss of freedom. Never having to worry about a job is something most people would appreciate, but at the same time it is not worth losing all freedoms. Freedom is more important to happiness than having needs automatically satisfied. I also feel that religion plays an important role in peoples lives. It represents our principles and values. Religion guides us, gives us something to believe in and a set of rules to live by. Mustapha Mond when referring to the Holy Bible says that "theyre old theyre about perfection hundreds of years ago. Not about God Now" (Huxley 237). Mustapha Mond is saying that with the evolution of time the need for religion has disappe atomic number 18d and has been replaced by the worship of another God who is Ford. It is utter that they basically live a fulfilled life, fit to a strict set of rules and then they die. But is that really a fulfilled life? also thanks to their conditioning they do not fear death but accept it as a way of life. That alone is a task that our world still has not been able to accomplish, but if the loss of a life means nothing, wouldnt that reflect that the life itself meant nothing? In this civilization, the people are isolated from one another, divided into five different classes. In every society there will be invisible classes of people, but to have them so defined is a crime. No one is given the chance to move up and make more of themselves. The members of each class are ranked according to their mental capacity and physical appearance.

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Brave New WorldAfter reading the novel Brave New World by Aldus Huxley it is easily realized that it is unlike either other classic story. It predicts a future overpowered by technology and where the people have no religious belief. The plot of the story do me think if this would be a perfect place to live or a terrible place to live. It is hard to distinguish where the line is drawn between making life simpler and losing the core of life. Although some may look upon this type of life with envy I personally would rather have to work harder than to lose myself.The first think that made me dislike the ideas is this book was the fact that the government overpowered the population, causing the loss of freedom. Never having to worry about a job is something most people would appreciate, but at the same time it is not worth losing all freedoms. Freedom is more important to happiness than having needs automatically satisfied. I also feel that religion plays an important role in people s lives. It represents our principles and values. Religion guides us, gives us something to believe in and a set of rules to live by. Mustapha Mond when referring to the Holy Bible says that "theyre old theyre about idol hundreds of years ago. Not about God Now" (Huxley 237). Mustapha Mond is saying that with the evolution of time the need for religion has disappe ared and has been replaced by the worship of another God who is Ford. It is stated that they basically live a fulfilled life, agree to a strict set of rules and then they die. But is that really a fulfilled life? in any case thanks to their conditioning they do not fear death but accept it as a way of life. That alone is a task that our world still has not been able to accomplish, but if the loss of a life means nothing, wouldnt that reflect that the life itself meant nothing? In this civilization, the people are isolated from one another, divided into five different classes. In every society there will be invi sible classes of people, but to have them so defined is a crime. No one is given the chance to move up and make more of themselves. The members of each class are ranked according to their mental capacity and physical appearance.

Developing countries Essay

In this essay Im going to talk about this question. Since this is a very wide font I could talk about only a single country or a single issue, plainly I will try to deal about the whole aggregate. Some of the main points be starvation, development, child labor, safety and pitying rights. These issues argon very different in developed and developing countries. Im also going to tell why these things be happening and how they could be improved.Probably the more or less(prenominal) important issue is starvation the result of a serious, or total, lack of nutrients considered for the maintenance of life. First of all(prenominal) it is one of the few backchats in the English language with no synonyms.It is a word that stands alone. It should be fixed first. Why? You might think. Why starvation, non for example education. This is because, what is the point of building cultivates if the kids die because of hunger? thither is no point. Starvation is the most important issue of all the developing countries. Of grade if a country does non have this line of rifle, it will try to fix the next problem.The next problem depends on the seriousness of the issues. Starvation is also a part of a developed country. If a country has starvation it is a developing country. This is one dish up to the big question. But, if a country does non suffer from starvation it doesnt mean it enkindlenot be a developing country. There are developing countries without starvation. Their problems are, education, human rights etc.Some children are not strong enoughto eat by themselves.The facts about starvation in todays world are shocking today, thither are some 800 million large number who do not have access to sufficient food to meettheir needs. Nearly 12 million children under five years old die each year because of malnutrition in developing countries of the world.The two main questions about starvation are why is it happening and how could it be hinderanceped. Well, there a re lots of answers because all the developing countries are different. Some have wars and some bad climate but the common thing is they all have problems. This causes starvation. One source that I found even said that governments have the funds and the abilities to get food for all the good deal, but they will get a great control by not giving the throng food. Many diseases, foods and medicines are deliberately made to check and control people. Starvation, death and poverty, deliberately caused to billions of people will also give the powerful, greater control I dont believe this, but you neer know.The solutions to the starvation are actually pretty simple. Developed countries could send food and other products. But this is not so easy since nothing is actually free. Of course developing countries could loan money but then they have debts to pay. How are they going to do that? In 1997 the foreign debts of developing countries were more than two one thousand thousand (million mi llion) US dollars and still growing. The result is a debt of $400 for every man, woman and child in the developing world where average income in the very poorest countries is less than a dollar a day.Another way is that the food among the people in the country could be shared equally to all the people. Rich people could give money to poor people. Good example of this is Bill Gates. He is the richest person in the world and is giving constantly food to charity. all told these factors are solutions to the problem called, starvation.Education is another very important issue in developing countries. The more people getting educated, the more people solving problems. The orthogonal man that said that was not Mark Twain, but me. Education is very difficult to get because books cost, schools have to be build, no one knows how to teach and families need kids to work and to get food for the family. If they go to school their parents might die of starvation. So these two problems arelinke d. Another reason for so many girls not going to school is that they are pregnant and no longer allowed there.Education needs money but by only money it cannot be solved. There needs to be teachers who are willing to leave their homes and risk their health by moving to a developing country to teach. This is why there is so little education in developing countries. Education is very important to human future. People should get more educated.Education is really needed there are about 132 million people today in developing countries that are not in school. But the fact is that you cannot just give the people computers and other technology. You need to help people to help themselves. This has been proved at several studies. For example one study was made when certain group of people in a University realized that people in developing countries dont cook their food well enough. So they started importing high tech sun panel cookers to the country. This caused that people did not gather ar ound the fire like usually. More people got killed by wild animals because the fire was not there to keep them away. All these things happened and it was because of too high technology. So the group was trying the quick way which does not work.Almost all the developing countries have a huge problem in human rights. This includes child labor and position of the women. Child labor is unfortunately very common in developing countries. Kids work all day and get really tired. If there would be good schools they would go to them instead of working. But what if the family will die because of hunger if the kid does not work? This links to starvation. All the problems are linked. The solution is that there should be help from better countries so that they wont die of starvation, kids should go to school and when they grow up they would be educated and could get a job. So until every human in the country is educated and can earn the money to live for their family, the country needs help from rich people, wealthy countries, their own government etc.Public safety as a problem is not as big as starvation or education but, this is the problem that anyone can have. Even in developed country public safety can be very low. It is difficult to get because you cant get it neither with money nor political power. There needs to be more law of nature and laws, butthat does not solve the whole problem. If a person wants to start killing people on the street and does not tell anyone, who can stop him? No matter how fast a police officer shoots him, the safety is bad.As a conclusion to the big question I could say that the commentary of a developed country is in everyones own mind. The differences between developed and developing countries are for example starvation, human rights, public safety and education. All these except education are the basic needs of a person to survive. If persons main needs are not satisfied that person is living in developed country. What comes to educatio n, it is in between of a basic need and a luxury. A person can live without it, but with education he/she can go further and help their own country to develop.

Fashion and Gender

Introduction In the western culture, bearing has affected and reflected the distinctions in the midst of the affable and economical status of custody and women throughout the years. From the 19th century on, gender, accessible understanding of femininity and masculinity, became clearer and to a greater extent precise. They were identifiable through mold and clothing and were an important matter in distinguishing roles of men and women. However, changes in fashion will blur as much as emphasise the differences between gender, evolving in parallel borrowing from iodine another.Thus, as the constant changes in fashion, the level of differences between men and women varied precise so often. Fashion was influencing and defining gender role and gender lifestyle was influencing fashion. Masculine men and feminine women The first signs of gender distinctions appeared at the start of the 19th century following the French Revolution. In addition to separating social classes, fashi on instantaneously established a clear division between male and female clothing. Men were no longer powdered or perfumed and they got disengage of ornaments and wigs, now signifies of femininity.Their clothing was characterized by a restricted use of material, tailored construction, simplified set of surface, uniformity, net and spotless garments, perfect hats and limited color (29 January). harmonise to the trickle-down effect, fashion trends were becalm created by the upper-classes and were followed by others down the scale (05 February). Then, according to Georg Simmel, two types of males emerged from the middle-class. Dandies were followers of the leisure class and never went against a particular fashion dress code while bohemian were rejecting fashion (05 February).Men of the upper-class are characterized as a Flaneur by Walter Benjamin Empathy is the nature of the intoxication to which the flaneur abandons himself (05 February). The upper-class still needed to follow thr ee rules in order to stay on top and keep the middle-class from rising the expensive fabric, the lack of movement inflicted by the garment and the novelty of the ensemble (05 February). They conformed to a conspicuous lifestyle with their absence of labour and function in the society, but still in a more(prenominal) subtle way than women in terms of dress (29 January).Indeed, women became a physical display representing the husbands wealth through fashion, assuring their social cast in the leisure class the new aristocrats. Important gatherings such as the Grand Prix de Paris were a place where one went to the races, as to the theater, partly to look over the women and their apparel (Hebert, 24). They would wear multiple colors, dresses with pouf skirts, light fabrics, beading and flower ornaments, parasols and other accessories. Women were placed in the forefront with fashion and devoid of all role or power. the adornment of both(prenominal) the female person and her environme nt was an expression of womens inferior economic power and her social status as a mans chattel (Veblen, 91). Unattached and unmarried women were also expected to dressed respectfully and fashionably for the dignity of her family and for future husbands. Lower-level women such as actresses and prostitutes, who were alter with the upper-class, wore more revealing clothes but still in fashion. Women were thought of as irrational and sensible creatures who adhered to fashion by weakness, to have a sense datum of belonging.During the 19th century and early 20th century, there is a clear distinction between man and woman fashion. It is reflected in their clothes and in their social status and role in the society. Gender was easily identifiable with the shape formed by the garment. While men wear clean cut, sober and hale suits, holding all the power, the women dress in soft, elaborate and colourful dresses, trophies to the men. ? Fashion upside-down With the start of the World War I, w omen were now helping out and pick more masculine jobs. Roles were no longer clearly defined according to hysical characteristics. Because while war work forced women to life in new social and physical environments, they had to adapt their clothing to unfamiliar activities and spaces (Matthews David, 101). New technology and new combat techniques meant also a change in menswear. Soldiers had to wear uniforms that hid their masculine forms to kick movement. They replaced their flat and boxy hats with a more feminine and round one with leaves and flowers to hide in the trenches. A definite outline, a traditionally masculine attribute, be a deadly handicap in battle (Matthews David, 97).Upper-class men were traditionally supposed to show their status through clothing. The advent of the war blurred distinctions between classes as both had to participate in the war effort. Men were no longer useless and ineffective in the society, with meant a necessary change in fashion. Restrictions in luxury fabrics, such as silk, fur and ornaments, forced a transformation of mens masculine and luxurious attire. All men were now wearing jersey fabric clothing, darker earth colours and softer silhouettes. In the early 20th century, there was a eminent need for change in fashion.While men were adopting feminine fashion to survive during the war, women started borrowing the simplified and linear masculine silhouette. The flip side of this feminization of the sniper was the much more generalized masculinization of womens civilian and uniform dress during the war (Matthews David, 101). They started wearing suits with sober colours to adapt to their more active lifestyle in the warfare. The latter was the start of a changing role in society for women. Before this change, women had no power on fashion or society.They were now needed for labour and they showed to be very efficient. This allowed women to make decisions and have a definite role society. By adopting the masculine look, they gained power. They were no longer considered as an accessory to men. The exchanges of particular characteristics of gender made the distinctions and the differences more blurry. The World War I was a turning point in fashion for both men and women. Shortages of materials transformed clothing new fabrics emerged, new silhouettes development less fabrics, less ornaments, leaner cuts, suits for women and softer clothes for men. Women were now looking more or less like men with the square suits and linear dresses, requisitioning their roles as women as though the clothes itself hold the power. While men were still the dominant figure, women were revising their position in the public and private sphere. ? Conclusion To conclude, gender is a social perception of masculinity and femininity. Through the 19th and 20th century, both men and women were affected by fashion gender leading the distinctions.Sexes were defined by gender in the 19th century with the specific trends of clothing for each. Men were wearing clean and linear cuts, showing their boxy figures, while women wore elaborate and superficial clothes highlighting their silhouette. Roles were also clearly different according to gender. Men held all the power and women served of accessories, displaying the husbands wealth. The World War I acted as a turning point for men and women. Both were transforming their fashion because of their active lifestyle by adopting each others gender characteristics of fashion.Men softened their figures while women started wearing masculine suits. Gender differences became were blurred and roles redefined women gained power and all men got functional for the society. Hence, the level of distinction between gender is in constant change. Fashion influences gender roles and gender lifestyle influences fashion. The latter blurs, blends as well as emphasis the social perceptions of what a men and a women is and looks like. Gender continues to affect and reflect distinctions b etween sexes, both constantly borrowing and exchanging from one another.

Answer to Chapter

Chapter 5 Mankiw SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS Quick Quizzes 1. The harm grab of enquire is a measure of how much the cadence chooseed of a good responds to a intensify in the monetary value of that good, computed as the percentage compound in bill demanded carve up by the percentage multifariousness in hurt. When demand is in bouncy (a damage snapshot less than 1), a impairment addition raises ingrained revenue enhancement, and a price decrease reduces primitive revenue. When demand is elastic (a price snap greater than 1), a price subjoin reduces keep down revenue, and a price decrease increases total revenue.When demand is unit elastic (a price ginger snap equal to 1), a change in price does not affect total revenue. 2. The price snapshot of supply is a measure of how much the touchstone supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in measuring rod supplied divided by the percentage change in price. The price elasticity of supply might be different in the long take the field than in the short mental testing because over short periods of time, firms cannot substantially change the sizes of their factories to make more than or less of a good.Thus, in the short run, the quantity supplied is not real responsive to the price. However, over longer periods, firms can build new factories, expand existing factories, close old factories, or they can encipher or exit a grocery. So, in the long run, the quantity supplied can respond substantially to a change in price. 3. A drouth that destroys half of all farm crops could be good for farmers (at least those unaffected by the drought) if the demand for the crops is inelastic.The shift to the left of the supply curve leads to a price increase that go out raise total revenue if the price elasticity of demand is less than 1. No champion farmer would arrive at an incentive to destroy his crops in the absence of a drought because he take s the market price as given. Only if all farmers destroyed a portion of their crops together, for example through a government program, would this plan work to make farmers better off. Questions for Review 1. The price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to a change in price.The income elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to changes in consumer income. 2. The determinants of the price elasticity of demand include how available close substitutes are, whether the good is a necessity or a luxury, how broadly specify the market is, and the time horizon. Luxury goods have greater price elasticities than necessities, goods with close substitutes have greater elasticities, goods in more narrowly defined markets have greater elasticities, and the elasticity of demand is greater the longer the time horizon. . The main advantage of using the mid-point formula is that it uses a constant base whether the change in price or quantity dem anded is an increase or a decrease. 87 88 Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application 4. An elasticity greater than one means that demand is elastic. When the elasticity is greater than one, the percentage change in quantity demanded exceeds the percentage change in price. When the elasticity equals zero, demand is perfectly inelastic. there is no change in quantity demanded when there is a change in price. 5. contrive 1 presents a supply-and-demand diagram, showing the sense of proportion price, the equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers. Total revenue equals the equilibrium price times the equilibrium quantity, which is the area of the rectangle shown in the figure. Figure 1 6. If demand is elastic, an increase in price reduces total revenue. With elastic demand, the quantity demanded falls by a greater percentage than the price rises. As a result, total revenue declines. 7. A good with income elasticity less than zero is called an inferior good because as income rises, the quantity demanded declines. . The price elasticity of supply is calculated as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. It measures how much quantity supplied responds to changes in price. 9. The price elasticity of supply of Picasso paintings is zero, because no bet how high price rises, no more can ever be produced. 10. The price elasticity of supply is usually larger in the long run than it is in the short run. Over short periods of time, firms cannot easily change the sizes of their factories to make more or less of a good, so the quantity supplied is not very responsive to price.Over longer periods, firms can build new factories or close old ones, so the quantity supplied is more responsive to price. 11. Because the demand for drugs is likely to be inelastic, an increase in price provide lead to a rise in total expenditure. Therefore, drug users may resort to theft or burglary to foul their habits. Chapter 5/El asticity and Its Application Problems and Applications 89 1. a. Mystery novels have more elastic demand than required textbooks, because mystery novels have close substitutes and are a luxury good, while required textbooks are a necessity with no close substitutes.If the price of mystery novels were to rise, readers could substitute other types of novels, or buy less novels altogether. But if the price of required textbooks were to rise, students would have little choice just now to pay the higher price. Thus, the quantity demanded of required textbooks is less responsive to price than the quantity demanded of mystery novels. b. van Beethoven recordings have more elastic demand than unsullied unison recordings in general. Beethoven recordings are a narrower market than classical music recordings, so it is easy to find close substitutes for them.If the price of Beethoven recordings were to rise, people could substitute other classical recordings, like Mozart. But if the price of all classical recordings were to rise, substitution would be more difficult. (A transition from classical music to rap is unlikely ) Thus, the quantity demanded of classical recordings is less responsive to price than the quantity demanded of Beethoven recordings. c. Subway rides during the close louver years have more elastic demand than subway rides during the next six months. Goods have a more elastic demand over longer time horizons.If the fare for a subway ride was to rise temporarily, consumers could not switch to other forms of transportation without great set down or great inconvenience. But if the fare for a subway ride was to remain high for a long time, people would gradually switch to substitute forms of transportation. As a result, the quantity demanded of subway rides during the next six months will be less responsive to changes in the price than the quantity demanded of subway rides during the next five years. d. Root beer has more elastic demand than water.Root b eer is a luxury with close substitutes, while water is a necessity with no close substitutes. If the price of water were to rise, consumers have little choice but to pay the higher price. But if the price of root beer were to rise, consumers could easily switch to other sodas. So the quantity demanded of root beer is more responsive to changes in price than the quantity demanded of water. 2. a. For business travelers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is (2,000 1,900)/1,950/(250 200)/225 = 0. 05/0. 22 = 0. 23.For vacationers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is (800 600)/700 / (250 200)/225 = 0. 29/0. 22 = 1. 32. b. The price elasticity of demand for vacationers is higher than the elasticity for business travelers because vacationers can choose more easily a different mode of transportation (like driving or taking the train). Business travelers are less likely to do so because time is more important to them and their schedules are less adaptable. 3. a. The percentage change in price is equal to (2. 20 1. 00)/2. 00 = 0. = 20%. If the price elasticity of demand is 0. 2, quantity demanded will fall by 4% in the short run 0. 20 ? 0. 20. If the price elasticity of demand is 0. 7, quantity demanded will fall by 14% in the long run 0. 7 ? 0. 2. b. Over time, consumers can make adjustments to their homes by purchasing alternative heat sources such as natural grease-gun or electric furnaces. Thus, they can respond more easily to the change in the price of heating oil in the long run than in the short run. 90 Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application 4. If quantity demanded fell, price must have risen.If total revenue rose, then the percentage increase in the price must be greater than the percentage decline in quantity demanded. Therefore, demand is inelastic. 5. Both Billy and Valerie may be correct. If demand increases, but supply is totally inelastic, equilibrium pric e will rise but the equilibrium quantity will remain the same. This would also occur if supply decreases and demand is totally inelastic. Marian is incorrect. If supply and demand twain rise, equilibrium quantity will increase, but the impact on equilibrium price is indeterminate. 6. a. If our income is $10,000, your price elasticity of demand as the price of compact discs rises from $8 to $10 is (40 32)/36/(10 8)/9 =0. 22/0. 22 = 1. If your income is $12,000, the elasticity is (50 45)/47. 5/(10 8)/9 = 0. 11/0. 22 = 0. 5. b. If the price is $12, your income elasticity of demand as your income increases from $10,000 to $12,000 is (30 24)/27/(12,000 10,000)/11,000 = 0. 22/0. 18 = 1. 22. If the price is $16, your income elasticity of demand as your income increases from $10,000 to $12,000 is (12 8)/10/(12,000 10,000)/11,000 = 0. 40/0. 18 = 2. 2. 7.Yes, an increase in income would decrease the demand for good X because the income elasticity is less than zero, indicating that go od X is an inferior good. A decrease in the price of good Y will decrease the demand for good X because the two goods are substitutes (as indicated by a cross-price elasticity that is greater than zero). 8. a. If Maria always spends one-third of her income on clothing, then her income elasticity of demand is one, because maintaining her clothing expenditures as a constant fraction of her income means the percentage change in her quantity of clothing must equal her percentage change in income. . Marias price elasticity of clothing demand is also one, because every percentage point increase in the price of clothing would lead her to reduce her quantity purchased by the same percentage. c. Because Maria spends a comminuteder proportion of her income on clothing, then for any given price, her quantity demanded will be lower. Thus, her demand curve has shifted to the left. Because she will again spend a constant fraction of her income on clothing, her income and price elasticities of de mand remain one. 9. a. If quantity demanded falls by 4. 3% when price rises by 20%, the price elasticity of demand is 4. /20 = 0. 215, which is fairly inelastic. b. Because the demand is inelastic, the Transit Authoritys revenue rises when the fare rises. c. The elasticity estimate might be undependable because it is only the first month after the fare increase. As time goes by, people may switch to other means of transportation in result to the price increase. So the elasticity may be larger in the long run than it is in the short run. 10. Toms price elasticity of demand is zero, because he wants the same quantity regardless of the price. Jerrys price elasticity of demand is one, ecause he spends the same amount on gas, no matter what the price, which means his percentage change in quantity is equal to the percentage change in price. Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application 91 11. a. With a price elasticity of demand of 0. 4, trim down the quantity demanded of asss by 20% requi res a 50% increase in price, because 20/50 = 0. 4. With the price of cigarettes currently $2, this would require an increase in the price to $3. 33 a pack using the midpoint method (note that ($3. 33 $2)/$2. 67 = . 50). b. The policy will have a larger effect five years from now than it does one year from now.The elasticity is larger in the long run, because it may take some time for people to reduce their cigarette usage. The habit of smoking is hard to break in the short run. c. Because teenagers do not have as much income as adults, they are likely to have a higher price elasticity of demand. Also, adults are more likely to be addicted to cigarettes, making it more difficult to reduce their quantity demanded in response to a higher price. 12. In order to determine whether you should raise or lower the price of admissions, you need to know if the demand is elastic or inelastic.If demand is elastic, a decline in the price of admissions will increase total revenue. If demand is ine lastic, an increase in the price of admissions will cause total revenue to rise. 13. a. As Figure 2 shows, the increase in supply reduces the equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity in both markets. b. In the market for pharmaceutical drugs (with inelastic demand), the increase in supply leads to a relatively large decline in the equilibrium price and a small increase in the equilibrium quantity. Figure 2 c.In the market for computers (with elastic demand), the increase in supply leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium quantity and a small decline in the equilibrium price. d. Because demand is inelastic in the market for pharmaceutical drugs, the percentage increase in quantity will be lower than the percentage decrease in price thus, total 92 Chapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application consumer spending will decline. Because demand is elastic in the market for computers, the percentage increase in quantity will be greater than the percentage decrease i n price, so total consumer spending will increase. 4. a. As Figure 3 shows, the increase in demand increases both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity in both markets. b. In the market for beachfront resorts (with inelastic supply), the increase in demand leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium price and a small increase in the equilibrium quantity. c. In the market for automobiles (with elastic supply), the increase in demand leads to a relatively large increase in the equilibrium quantity and a small increase in equilibrium price. d.In both markets, total consumer spending rises, because both equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity rise. Figure 3 15. a. Farmers whose crops were not destroyed benefited because the destruction of some of the crops reduced the supply, causing the equilibrium price to rise. b. To tell whether farmers as a group were hurt or helped by the floods, you would need to know the price elasticity of demand. It could be that th e total revenue received by all farmers as a group very rose. 16. A worldwide drought could increase the total revenue of farmers if the price elasticity of demand for grain is inelastic.The drought reduces the supply of grain, but if demand is inelastic, the decrease of supply causes a large increase in price. Total farm revenue would rise as a result. If there is only a drought in Kansas, Kansas production is not a large enough proportion of the total farm product to have much impact on the price. As a result, price does not change (or changes by only a slight amount), while the output by Kansas farmers declines, thus reducing their income. 17. The quantity demanded at various prices is shown in the table belowChapter 5/Elasticity and Its Application Price 1 2 3 4 5 6 quantity Demanded 60 30 20 15 12 10 93 Figure 4 The demand curve is shown in Figure 4. When price rises from $1 to $2 (a 66. 67 % increase), quantity demanded falls from 60 to 30 (a 66. 67% decrease). Therefore, t he price elasticity of demand is equal to one. When price rises from $5 to $6 (an 18. 18% increase), quantity demanded falls from 12 to 10 (an 18. 18% decline). Again the price elasticity is equal to one. A linear demand curve has a price elasticity that declines in absolute value as price falls. This demand curve has a constant elasticity equal to one.

The Bystander Effect

When the terms feelings, thoughts, and behavior atomic bug outcome 18 brought up, angiotensin converting enzyme does non automatic aloney puzzle in mind these atomic act 18 quantifiable variables. To social psychologist, these al-Qurans make up the basis of their studies. Trends have withal been studied, tested, and analyzed as a way to understand the outcome of actions. They excogitate what one is feeling, how those emotions are affecting that somebodys thoughts, and how, or if, those thoughts become incentives or something that produces an action. Together, those analyses make up behavioral trends.Sociologists have been use uping behavioral trends for decades, peculiarly how populate react in groups to a blot or stimulus. Researchers do non only study the behavior of slew in a certain group only as well as how they act, as a whole, in society or within a culture. Psychologists have come to find that the way a individual acts functions others either positively or negatively. Behavior, above all other things, describes why the bystander effect happens. In 1968, Bibb Latane and John Darley were the number 1 to demonstrate the bystander effect.Darley and Latane arrived at the closedown that the number of mint within an area defines the likeliness of interposition during an emergency (Latane and Darley, 1968). Emergency, in this definition, refers to a number of situations such as a murder, somebody that is homeless, or a somebody macrocosm ridiculed or discriminated against. It could be a person that was hit by an automobile or a child that was abandoned from a car and left to walk home. The bystander effect also influences the likeliness of someone reporting an emergency such as smoke coming from another populate or a vent.After this phenomenon was introduced, Latane and Steve Nida (1981) explained it was the most replicated effect in social psychology according to their review (p. 305). numerous factors are taken into account as to why this social phenomenon exists. Diffusion of indebtedness and pluralistic ignorance, to name a few, describe how groups are influenced by the bystander effect. Some eggshell studies, that have been conducted, do not accommodate the effect though. Altruism, personality, and morals are why throng get come to occurs. Imagine there is a man lying on the stairs in front of an office building in the middle of a city.He is an average looking man in jeans and a plain t-shirt. The man appears to be faded because he is face down and moaning. Many people stop to appreciate the situation. Here is where the diffusion of responsibility takes gift. Diffusion of responsibility is the concept that each person is only responsible for an equal proportion of effort base on the number of people in a group (Latane and Darley, 1968). Considering it is a busy city, many an(prenominal) people do not have time to stop and check to see if he is all right. No one is assigned to take accountabi lity for a person in distress.All the people that see the man, and receive that something is wrong, automatically pin the responsibility on e trulyone else, figuring others allow intervene. It is stated that as the number of bystanders increases, the amount of responsibility any one bystander bears decreases (as cited in What Is Psychology 2002, p. 503). If there were one hundred passersby walking past that hurt man, the likelihood of anyone stopping is very low. When the liability of interference is singled out or placed upon one person, contri exactlyion to the circumstances is very high.There are a number of reasons why the diffusion of responsibility takes place. People that are aware of an emergency tend to look at what others are doing because they are inclined to keep up normal behavior. People imitate what others are doing in order to achieve a sense of normalcy. Some people do not want to assess a situation incorrectly. For example, the man mentioned above may be hurt m erely to some people he may appear drunk. Witnesses sometime opine everyone else knows something they do not know. One person might have been watching that man drinking out of a bottle from a brown, paper bag.So assuming it was alcohol, the witness does not get involved which influences everyone else around that had not seen him drinking. If no one else is upholding him, it gives other people the impression that the man in pain is not in postulate of assist because of the unconscious control people have over one another. During an emergency, observers have the choice to analyze the situation and act or lead to act. People who fail to act usually fall victim to cognitive biases. When reasoning is distorted, immoral decisions are frequently made.Floyd Allport reported that pluralistic ignorance explain events in which virtually all members of a group privately reject norms yet believe that virtually all other group members accept them (p. 348). It is a bias when people follow a f allacy by rejecting a norm, which might not be the correct way to deal with an emergency. One of Latane and Darleys first case studies was the influence of people in a smoke filled room. A number of confederates were in a controlled room with one person who was unaware of the test. They were filling out surveys when all of a sudden fake smoke started to fill the room.No one had noticed or said anything about the emergency. The muliebrity that was being tested was fully aware of the situation but because of pluralistic ignorance, she did not report the smoke (Latane and Darley, 1968). When it is perceived or known that one person in the room comprehends what is possibility and they are not doing anything, it influences the rest of the group because his or her opinion is casted onto the bystanders that what is happening is okay. Similar to this cognitive bias, false-consensus effect describes why diffusion of responsibility occurs.It is the tendency for people to project their own opinions when predicting the attitude, opinions, and behaviors of others (Ross, Greene, & House, 1977). This cognitive bias states that individuals believe to share the aforesaid(prenominal) beliefs or opinions as others, which is related to the bystander effect in the sense that people attend to project their thoughts onto those around them. People that prefer to follow a crowd portray why humans act out the bystander effect. As a result, the set behavior or the bandwagon effect arises.If there is a man face down on the street and everyone is calmly walking around him, the chances are that everyone else provide follow suit. Whatever decision the leader of the herd makes, the rest of the pack is sure to follow. Animals tend to walk in packs with one or more leadership and numerous followers, which keep them safe. Similarly, people want to conform to everyone else. The word society makes us human without it, we are animals. We do what we need to stay alive and to cling to other s and ourselves that is, until threats to our lives are taken into consideration.Carrie Keating, a psychologist at Colgate University, proves a billet when saying We use a sort of intuition to get a sense of how dangerous people are (Keating, 2008). If people see that an emergency is too dangerous, one will more than likely not take action. The least one underside do is call the police and notify them of any violence. Neglecting the possibility is also another cognitive bias that people fall under during the bystander effect. It is that a person all told rejects any possibility when trying to decide something under uncertainty, or ambiguity.The more ambiguous the situation is, the less likely people are to intervene (Bickman, 1971). This goes keister to people wanting to do what is normal. If there is a child being hauled away by a man, one can easily mistake the situation for a misbehaved son or daughter, when in fact, the man is a kidnapper. It is embarrassing to intrude on a situation that is misinterpreted. Neglecting the possibility that a child is being abducted, or that someone else will take care of the dilemma, makes it easier to stay out of the way.When there are fewer people around to distribute responsibility to, people tend to have all the weight on their shoulders. The responsibility is distributed among the other people and you are not singled out. People that are not in groups but are singled out tend to have excuses of their own that fall into other cognitive motives. Some excuses are that they were in a hurry and did not notice anything. Some people do not want to get into any legal processes. People like to mind there own business so if there was a woman getting vocally abused in a park, people tend to think it is none of their business.People are not expect to intervene if the situation looks like it is a dispute amidst couples or between spouses. Keating explained, on What Would You Do that some people do not do oneself men or woma n that look low class or high class. They have the appearance _or_ semblance to help people that appear to be in the same rank as them (Keating, 2009). People think that just because they are not certified doctors that they have no sense in even stopping to help someone that is injured. Colin Tukuitonga and Andrew Bindman say that some men and women do not stand up for people of other cultures, religions, ethnicities (2002), or opinions.An episode of What Would You Do? revealed that people praised a clerk for not serving a Muslim customer even though she was from America. Another episode exposed a young girl to verbal abuse by three other girls but because it was not physical, no one saw a reason to intervene. Sometimes the situation looks to dangerous and witnesses think of themselves rather therefore the danger of someone involved. Don Hockenbury stated that when the personal cost for helping outweighs the benefits, the likelihood of helping decreases (p. 527), the costs being embarrassment, danger, and an endeavor.In rare cases, the number of people in an area does not influence the likelihood of a bystander helping or reporting an emergency. Prosocial behavior describes the social interaction when people help others knowing there will be no reward. It contradicts everything that psychologists study about decreased intervention. Altruism is a selfless way of decision-making where a person puts their popular welfare in danger to help another in need without expecting a reward. People like to think of it as a moral cartel towards a person. Irving Piliavin, and others (1969), conducted an investigate on New Yorks underground subway.Even though it is a busy subway, ninety percent of the witnesses helped an apparent disabled person when they savage down. When a drunken confederate fell over, twenty percent of the people on the subway helped the person. Piliavin concluded that bystanders see others as responsible for their own situation. ordination is les s prone to help those responsible for their predicaments. He also concluded that participation strengthens when a person seems similar to them. In addition, when they perceive the situation is not the victims fault, such as if the person is unable to help him or herself (ex. lderly or disabled), intervention strengthens. People who are more attractive seem to get help faster then those who are unattractive. (Piliavin, 1969) According to Jane Pivialin and Hong-wen Charng (1990), factors that increase the likelihood of bystanders helping include the feel good, do good effect, guilt, seeing others helping, merit help, knowing how to help, and affinitys (p. 526 537). When a person is in a good mood, they are quick to help someone in need. Your conscious is a major influence on yourself. It tells you whether a decision is a good one or not.When one person has all the responsibility to intervene, that person feels obligated to make a move. If the person fails to fail, guilt sets in and intervention occurs. Morals also come into effect while deciding to intervene. If someone was brought up to do the right thing, that person will help or report a person or situation. Empathy also determines how people will act. People, that have experienced the same situation that someone is going through, will more than likely act upon what their conscious is telling them to do because they know it is the right thing.For someone that used to be homeless, one will help someone asking for food or spare change. Whenever one person helps, a group seems to form, which strengthens the alliance. If one person has to carry ten rocks from point A to point B, those stones are going to be very heavy. If you have nine other people working with you to complete the task, the weight of the rock that one person has to carry, decreases provided each person carries one stone. The responsibility is distributed among the other people and the task is accomplished more efficiently.When someone interven es, people also follow and then unconsciously form a group to ward off the violent person. When individuals act and get involved, it empowers stander-bys to take responsibility for their society and it allows an opening to appear so others can also help. People that are stronger, more aggressive, or sympathetic seem to be of the dominate group of interveners while ambiguity slows down intervention The more crystal clear the situation, the faster intervention occurs (Keating, 2008). When a woman is screaming as a man drags her through a park, ambiguity occurs.Until that woman specifies to onlookers what is happening, people most likely do not mediate between the two, whether they are related or complete strangers. Relation to the person in need increases likelihood too. William Howard and William Crano (1974) studied the effects of gender in relations to the bystander effect (p. 491- 507). Amoung many other psychologists, Howard and Crano hypothesized that men are more motivated to a ct in the case of an emergency then woman. Conversely, they concluded that men and women do effect the whether intervention takes place they are equally present in the bystander effect.Marie and John Tisak, psychologists of roll Green State University, reported that whether it is direct family, friends, or simply acquaintances, those factors increase likelihood. Small talk and eye contact towards the victim automatically trigger a connection and when that connection is made, one feels associated with the other and is quicker to speak out for that person. Likewise, if the witness knows the aggressor, the witness is also more likely to step in. The type of relationship determines the likelihood.Relatives or very close friends to the bystander increase intruding whereas friends or acquaintances decrease likelihood (Tisak & Tisak, 1996). Many factors are correlated as to why intervention happens. Many famous events took place across history that people may not think as being the bystan der effect. One of the first cases ever recorded was from the bible. Samaritan is the word that describes a charitable or helpful person but it also holds a more powerful meaning. A Jewish man traveling from capital of Israel to Jericho had been stopped by thieves who robbed him, beat him, and left him to die on the side of the road.A priest walked by and pretended not to notice the suffering man. A Levite, who was also a church official, looked at him and proceeded to walk on the other side of the street. The third man, a Samaritan, came across the man. It was evident that the Samaritan would not stop because Jews and Samaritans were enemies. He caught ken of the dying man and came to his aid. He brought him to a nearby inn to restore health and paid for his recovery (Luke 10 25-37). It is hard to believe that the priest and Levite did not stop because of the bystander effect, but only because there was no compassion.The Holocaust is another time in history were the bystander effe ct was realized. Everyone fell victim to being a bystander. If society tries to state otherwise, they are saying that the Holocaust was not as horrifying as everyone made it to be. The entire world knew about the death of the Jews but no one said anything, not because no one else was taking a stand, but the fear of being executed filled their minds. Psychologists namely study feelings, thoughts, and behaviors and how each relates. By comprehending that concept, psychologists then go into detail and study groups and how they influence individuals, vice versa.John Darley and Bibb Latane hypothesized that the numbers of people in an area influence individuals reactions to a response. After numerous controlled case studies, Darley and Latane concluded that the number of people does influence human behavior during an emergency. After this conclusion, the bystander effect became one of the most laurels and replicated studies in psychology. Psychologists, such as Steve Nida and Floyd Allp ort, have been significant contributors in the development of this behavioral effect.Pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility are two major reasons that decrease the likelihood of intervention, among many other reasons. Altruism and morals, to name a few, enhance the likelihood that someone will interfere. There are many historical events that take place before the bystander effect happened Albert Einstein once said No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right a single experiment can prove me wrong (as cited by Calaprice, 2005). Which is a sure statement because unless the case studies conducted are flawless and show a constant correlation between each data entry, nothing can be proven right.There are always biases and errors when researchers document data. There is no definite, reliable source to base development off because no ones research can be one hundred percent accurate. When research is confirmed by a fraternity it is usually accepted to be precise a nd true. When a theory appears in psychology and people begin to test it, replication of the same case studies can show bias. Surveys that are taken on a computer or filled out on paper are not a true representation of what the general population would do in an emergency.The person has to experience the conditions to predict what they would do. Anyone can say that he or she would be the hero but when it comes time to stand up to an aggressive man, the meek, twenty year old would most likely shy away. The bystander effect has many different levels of complexity. Psychologists, when performing case studies on bystander effect, fail to record the mood someone is in which, from above, shows that it has an effect on whether someone responds to a stimulus. Attributions, altruism, morals, personality along with others explain why people intervene.Age defies the laws of the bystander effect. The size of a group does not matter to a child they will not intervene. Alcohol consumption, mental health, maturity, ambiguity, experience, and reaction time are reasons that have to be taken into account when testing subjects and using the data to represent a statistic. It is all there in the numbers but they can also be misleading sometimes. We just have to believe that what researchers are telling us is true. Therefore, I agree with my hypothesis, to an extent, that the number of people in an area influences the likelihood of intervention.I do believe that certain people look to others when determining what to do in an emergency. I also confirm that the reason some people do not intervene is that they are following social norms and by doing so they do not get involved because they do not want to assess a situation inaccurately. The bystander effect is a very complex behavioral trend that involves a lot of testing and analysis. I do not believe that it can be proven completely true in less than forty years or in one semester by a first year student. More research is to be done.

Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work Essay

Ac populateledgementWe want to ac sleep withledge our pargonnts for forkicipating and helping us to conduct a researchnaire in the resign institutions in Astana. in any case we would like to thank Saltanat secretary of head of authorities for distri just nowion of questionnaires among respondents and operate actions in delivering results to Almaty.AbstractNowadays the let on of manner of speakings is one of the most actual, disputable. That is why government tries to better the conditions of dry land language. This year new faithfulness was created it states that only documentations must be written in Kazakh. This switch over cause umteen disputes and discussions and becomes more popular. As an actual issue this problem was chosen by the authors of seek. The research question what is the viewpoint of Astana citizens to mental home of unique state language in positioning form? query objectives are to inquire into views of pile to this law, find the advantages and disadvantages of qualifying, to doctor the repair of transition on the process of wrench. After analyzing thinkable consequences, interest research conjecture was made multitude would make water negative point of view on the foundation.In order to achieve more efficiency the instrument of keep up design questionnaire was chosen. It was conducted among 20 slew the inhabitants of Astana who motion in the state institutions, because transmit of language in the mail realize impacts them directly. Convenience sampling was used, because authors chose just closest persons as respondents. At the base of results of questionnaire it was found that 70% of people behave positive, 25% neutral, 5% negative attitude to the change. Thus, the results of questionnaire shows that the authors hypothesis was non warrant it was defined that people have positive viewpoint on the establishment, overly there is no almost any difficulties connected with the change and it does non i mpact on the process and quality of the work.I. IntroductionA. Reasons for Undertaking ResearchFor almost three hundred days Kazakhstan was under the pressure of neighbour Russia, so since it was happened our cultural wealthinessiness began to eradicate. Language was almost lost, and nobody knew what would be in the future. Unfortunately, the most powerful and developing boorish Soviet Union fell to pieces (Akishev, 1996). So, since from 1990 year there were innate(p) new countries. And Kazakhstan was non exception. Like a newborn baby, country started to do its graduation steps. In this way new constitution was created. Kazakh is a state language, and Russian is authorised says the constitution of Kazakhstan. scarcely this year new law took luff since 2007 year on the whole documentations must be in Kazakh, it states. But is the country with all half Kazakh-speaking inhabitancies ready to this change, how the multinational universe leave behind react to it? This is o ur issue. The government made a decision, but can we manage with it?Only 1000 cultivated servants of 5000 can speak Kazakh in advance or can do business work in it, documentation directly executes in Russian and single after that it translates into Kazakh. It is right to affect a question what will follow after this establishment? Consequences may be different but more open-and-shut thing that there will be many difficulties because of un have intercourseing language. With this poor condition the procedure of work will delay, consequently, the standards, the value of work will decrease. The change of language of office work will lead to discrimination of not Kazakh-speaking population. Because of this its important to ask this issue. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made the attitude of major population of Astana has negative point of view on this change of language of office work in Kazakh.B. Research MethodsIn order to achieve more ef ficiency from research survey is using here. To investigate exact attitudes of people the work need statistics, numerical data, also the viewpoints, position, suggestions of Astana people must be considered in the work. So, survey design is the best way to attain the most systematically organized point here. alike questionnaire is being consumed as instruments of research. It was chosen because, in order to determine the views of people and situation in the country, quantitative method will be helpful. The data and facts that they will give may help to solve partly our problem.As it is written in previous, statistics is necessary, and questionnaire may give new data and numbers, so it is helpful in this area, specific questions in questionnaire (open-ended) the opportunity to determine the exact point of view of people and their suggestions. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first one is written in order to investigate social status of people and give demographic data. T he second sections aim is to ascertain the attitude of the person to the establishment of unique state language in the office work. The questionnaire was held on the period 14-16 of June in Astana. 20 people working in the state establishments were respondents of the questionnaire. The type of the research was primary, convenience technique was used.. Research StructureThe research paper is divided into the six following chapters Introduction this part of the research encloses brief description of the research, reasons for undertaking it and methods which will be used during this research. Review of the literature this part of the research is dedicated to info that was found in appropriate literature in order to describe problems of establishment the unique language in the office work. Field research results is a descriptive part of work, where authors should give only description of results that they receive from questionnaire or/an interview. compendium and discussion in t his part of research paper all tuition presented before will be analyzed and will be tried to define future outlook of the industry and investors decision that can be taken. Conclusion authors make a summary of the research paper.Bibliography sources that were used in writing research. Appendices overwhelm the questionnaire paper and interview paper.II. Literature reviewA. Historical background of Kazakh languageThe gold book of history of Kazakhs includes following pages at the beginning of xviii coulomb west part of present territory of Kazakhstan started to join to Russian Empire. In spite of resistance of Orta and Uly Juzes during next hundred years all regions of country whole became a piece of neighbour state. Since that time by the order of imperator Russian Empire Alexander I commenced the change of ruling power they chose the heads of juzes. In the 30-40es of XVIII century fortresses were built at the boarders of Kazakhstan. Russian-speaking people started to immigr ate into the Kazakh land. So, these were the first steps of colonization polity and active exchange of socialisation, widely spreading of Russian language and slowing down of Kazakh. (Kozybayev,1995).After formation of the Soviet Union in 1917, the discrimination of all nations with their culture and language that existed on the territory of USSR took place. administration of state was the creation of unified society, where were the one constitution of USSR, which named Russian the single language of communication. From that period in different parts of the biggest country of the world the policy of inculcation of Russian language started. This process was the ideology, which was considered by government of Russia. Following 70 years lead to the almost wholly losing of native language. As an font of it in 1954 when virgin land started to build up 640.000 people from other countries of Union came to KazSSR. As a consequence of it new educational establishments were built, but wit h this in-migration only in south region of country 700 Kazakh schools were closed, children stayed without needed education.Also the names of water-lands were changed in Russian, in order to make more comfortable the demeanor of our guests. With this problem of eradication of folk wealth faced not only Kazakhstan, but other 12 countries of USSR, e finickyly Moldova, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Georgia, etc (Akishev, Baipakov, 1996). So, after colonization for almost 300 years young independent Republic of Kazakhstan had to face with problem of wholly reconstruction of society, policy and economy of country. As a consequence of this dependence became following data according to Agency of Statistics from 01.01.2004 the population of country is extend to to 14,952 million people 57, 19 % Kazakhs, 27, 24% Russians, 3, 14% Ukrainians, 2, 74% Uzbeks and other 120 nationalities. For the present time most 3 million Kazakhs do not know their native language. 64,4 % of population possess with Kaz akh, when 84,8% speak Russian (Agency of statistics of RK , 2004).B. Status of Kazakh language nowadaysWith getting sovereignty in 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan got opportunity to raise its national wealth. So, the new constitution from 30th August of 1995, in the 7th article of the first part (general provisions) of it states 1. the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazak language. 3. The state shall promote conditions for the study and development of the languages of the people of Kazakhstan. (Constitution of RK, 1995).C. Problems and discussions on the issueAccording to B. Omarov (2005) the head of Committee on problems of language of Ministry of information, culture and sport in correspondents of State programme of function and development of languages for 2001-2010 years, affirmatived by decree of the president of RK from 07.02.2001 550 in all regions of republic conduct measures of halting-placely change of office work on the state language. Because of this office work of 5 regions (Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, South-Kazkahstan, Atyrau, and Mangistau) was fully translated on state language. On the base of schedule of stagely translation of office work on state language cultivated republic agenda and brought in consideration of Government of RK. In accordance to this graphic from 01.01.2010 is expected fully translation of office work on state language. Due to this law there have been appeared problems of discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people in the country.Nowadays majority of people ask question, such what this change will lead to? According to Martha Brill Olcott (1997), there is a strong sense of disquiet among many of the countrys ethnic Russians, who feel that the break-up of the USSR has turned a familiar country into an alien one, and has left them as second-class citize ns in what they themselves perceive as their native land. And the translation of language in office work will possibly grow gap between Kazakhstans Kazakhs and European communities. But specialists advise not to confuse. As Dariga Nazarbayeva states (2006), the change of language will not lead to discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people. Russian will stay as an official language. What just people should do to learn about hundred of words and do documentations basing on them? Akim of Almaty I. Tasmagambetov (2005) and deputy, poet M. Shahanov (2005) become intimate in the opinion that world experience of states shows that presence of native language impact on stability, security of independent country.Our main(prenominal) aim is to raise the status of using Kazakh on the level of Russian. That is why akims actively accept the new law. They claim that the wealth that our ancestors gave to people should be kept. But there are both(prenominal) opposite points of view on this them e. Some non-Kazakh parts of population of RK think that government tries to slowly eradicate other nations from the land of Kazakhs. Some people, like O. Suleimenov (2005) the representative of RK in UNESCO thinks that republic is not yet ready for this change. This change may causes problems of leaving the country of other nations. At first, think this part of country, we should falsify the fundament, prepare people to recreate grammar of language, to type reliable text books, in order to make easier the studying deeply and efficiently the language.At that time the minister of education and science B. Aitimova (2006) states that state program of Kazakh language for 2001-2010 is developing. She claims that 77% of schools are in Kazakh or mixed. But state Secretary O. Abdikarimov does not agree with that by saying that 500 million tenge was given from budget, nevertheless, there are no results. The minister culture and information Y. Ertisbaev (2006) he offers to make social po lls. So, after some time, the problem will be partly solved. SummaryThus, there are many views on the issue of changing language of office work in Astana. Arguments of both sights are very strong they were confirmed with statistics and prognoses of the critics. In discussions of the problem play role all social classes of Kazakhstan, because of this issue relates to all citizens of our country. Although there is no exact answer at the present time, but research will give it in the weedy future.III. Field research (Questionnaire results)A. General informationThe research question of present work is intended to find out what is the viewpoint of Astanas citizens to the establishment of unique state language in office work. Thus, in order to obtain useful statistics and find out what are the precise attitudes of people on this issue, given questionnaire was conducted by researches. The field research was divided into three parts, which will allow to the reader comfortably find useful i nformation (indirect data commonalty information, direct specific material). At the period 14-16 of June in state institutions of Astana 20 people, who have full-time work place, have been asked by researches. Target population of the research is adults from 18 years old, in which 11 are female and 9 are male. As respondents were the closest available people, convenience sampling was used.B. demographic (indirect) dataAt the process of work the category of age of respondents was divided into four parts 18-25 (10%), 25-35 (35%), 35-50 (50%), over 50 (5%). 80% are Kazakhs and 20% are Russian respondents. From chart 1 it can be seen that the level of knowing of Kazakh and Russian languages among 20 people picResearches have investigated that 50 per cent of people know Kazakh in advance, 35 colloquial and 15 % do not speak on state language, while 90 % of people know Russian in advance and 10% colloquially. table 1 shows the percentage degree of people who knows foreign languages an d what are that languages. Language Percentage English 25% German 25% Belarusian 5% Dont know other language 45% Table 1.The quarter part speaks English, another Germany, while 5 % know Belarusian and other 45% do not know any foreign language. It was investigated that all 20 people have high education, from which 14 people studied in Russian (70%) and 6 in Kazakh (30%). The chart 2 shows the in what language people mostly communicate with each otherpicone-half of respondents communicate in Russian, when 30% talk in Kazakh and 20% of people speak on both languages. At the process of work it was defined that all 20 people have full-time permanent work place, 19 (95%) are state workers, and 1 (5%) is a member of join-stock company. C. Attitudes of people (direct data)The chart 3 demonstrates the position of people toward the establishment. pic 80% of people think that it is right to establish such innovation, 15 % has neutral position and 5% are against the law. 70% of respondents have positive point of view to the establishment, 25% are neutral and 5% have negative attitude. From 20 people, who was asked, 12 (60%) are expressed willingness to do office work in Kazakh, while 8 (40%) people are not ready to such work. Percentage of people who faced with office work in Kazakh Faced 60% Dont faced 40% From table 2 you may see that 60% of respondents have faced with doing office work in Kazakh while 40% do not. Table 2From table 3 you may find out the percentage level of kinds of spreading of information about the establishment of unique language in the office work. 36,4 % of respondents have got information from work, 20% from relatives, 18,2% from friends, 15,6% with mass-media, 3,2% from another sources, while 6,6% do not know about this law. Kinds of Percentage Spreading of info Relatives 20% Friends 18.2% Mass-media 15.6% At work36.4% Other 3.2% Dont know about this law 6.6% Table 3.It was investigated in table 4 that change of language of office work for half of respondents has not any impact, 40% did not give answers, 5% do not know and on 5% has influence. The influence on work Percentage No 50% Yes 5% Do not know 5% Do not give answers 40% Table 4It was defined that 45% of people have not faced with any difficulties on work because of this establishment, 15% have some problems, and 40% did not give answers. It was investigated that the administration of state institutions have provide some conditions in order to prepare personnel to the establishment for 40% of respondents, and 60% have not got any programmes. People have refered such conditions like providing CDs, preparing lessons, electronic portal, programmes. 35% are satisfied with conditions that government provides, 15% not utilized, 10% is neutral and 40% did nit give answers.To the open-ended questions 90% respondents have given different answers, 10% preferred do not mention any suggestions. The majority of respondents suggested creating of courses, which will give opportunity to workers purify the level of knowing Kazakh. 20% of people were for establishment, but it was mentioned that this reform should be executed gradually. other 20% have demonstrated desire to establish this law, because it is the time to raise the authority of state language. Someone was against establishment, and other, vice versus, suggested compulsory change language from Russian to Kazakh.D. SummaryIn spite the fact that most of people know more Russian that Kazakh, and that they communicate in Russian, it was investigated in generally that people have positive position to this establishment. There is a lack of preparing courses, but people disposed well.IV. Analysis and discussionUnivariate analysisThe research question of present work is what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan? After analyzing possible consequences the hypothesis utter that people would have negative point of view on the change of the language in the office work. a. Analyzing demographic data. As the change of language takes place in the state establishments, 95% of respondents were chosen from them. At the process of work it was investigated that the level of knowing Russian of 20 people, who were conducted the questionnaire, is higher than Kazakh 100% know official language, while 15% do not know state language at all.In spite the fact that everyone knows Russian and the major part 85% of people know Kazakh, only the half part speak in Russian and 20% use only Kazakh, while 30% speak on both languages. Thus, ignoring the fact that the majority people know Kazakh, language of communication among people still is mostly Russian. b. Analyzing attitudes of people to the establishment (questionnaire, literature review). The main show of given work was to find the viewpoint of Astana people to the establishment. From the tabular form of frequency distribution we may see the main result of research. Table 1. Attitude to the establishment office work in Kazakh Frequency % Valid % Cum % Positive 14 70 70 70 Neutral 5 25 25 95 Negative 1 5 5 100 Total 20 100 100 More than half part of respondents have positive point of view on the change and only 5% were against it, so Astana people mostly are for establishment of state language. Analyzing the results of questionnaire, it was discovered that the major part of people think that it is right to change the language of documentation and they are ready to the transition. Authors made a prediction that the change of language may lead to conflicts among nations, it would be the discrimination of not-Kazakh people, the process of work will delay and quality of it would reduce. But the results show opposite thing main part of people state that they have not faced with any difficulties, that the change does not impact on the done work and its efficiency does not decrease. 80% of respondents were Kazakhs possibly, this is a rea son of positive results in the questionnaire. Anyway, every man lives in Kazakhstan, may be that is why they have to answer positively, and may be, they had not other choice.Topic is very sensitive and both sides Kazakh and not-Kazakh people know it. Nowadays there are many issues on the theme of developing of Kazakh, and people do not react on them similar someone is for raising the status of state language, someone afraid of this, because of unknowing Kazakh. Already 15 years Kazakhstan is independent country, it is obvious that Kazakh language should have specific status, it should have its own important place, and people should know it. It is already time to raise Kazakh, but not to eradicate Russian, because it is still the language on which all multinational population of country speaks, in which we communicate with our neighbours on international arena. People, by understanding it, should improve state language, by not disturbing official language. So, also, based on the re sults of questionnaire, it was found that government develops such things as courses, discs, electronic portals, programmes to prepare personnel to the change, but people mostly dissatisfied with these conditions, because almost all people suggest creating new instruments to improve language.This fact means that there is a lack of the books, special methods of studying, good teaching, etc. O. Suleimenov (2005) also came to this conclusion. He thinks that this change may cause problems of leaving the country of other nations. But there is a nuance for some questions (about have they faced with any difficultiesmbecause of the change, have establishment impact the work, do they satisfied with conditions that government creates to prepare personnel?) the third part of people did not give answers. Does it mean that people are hiding something and expert is right? In the reality the issue of language is very sensitive government tries to improve the authority of Kazakh while it seems that Russian is under discrimination. Among the members of parliament, government, also there are many debates on this theme.Akims, ministers say that they are undertaking measures as preparing personnel through the course, making privilege to people, who know Kazakh, raising their wages, but relying on opinions of people, we may conclude that it is not enough, because there is no efficient results, especially because the base of courses are very weak. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this issue for Kazakh people it is good because their language is developing, but for other nations it is difficult, but they can do nothing with it the law already exists, in spite the fact many people do not know Kazakh and there are no real measures that can prepare them. The data from literature review and questionnaire results are not similar, if some authorities are against establishment, main part of respondents support the change. This means that situation is not as negative as state the data of literature review. More people know or learning Kazakh than official statistics show. The state of Kazakh is improving.V. ConclusionThe research question of present work is what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan? By considering the possible consequences and results, following hypotheses was made the attitude of major population of Astana would have negative point of view on this change of language of office work from Russian into Kazakh. According to the results of questionnaire, the prediction of authors was mistaken majority of respondents have positive viewpoint on the change, moreover, the ways to improve the situation were suggested by them. There were many disputes on the issue, some people think that will appear conflict that society is not ready, but, fortunately, these were not justified. It is already time to improve the status of Kazakh people are for the change. The only one problem that should be eliminated to develop the base of preparing and teaching people.BibliographyAkishev, K. and Baipakov, K., 1996, Kazakhstan tarihi (kone zamannan buginge deiin). Almaty Atamura cited 01 June 2006. Kozybayev, K., 1995, Kazakhstan tarihi. Almaty Zhalyn. cited 01 June 2006. Piskareva, L., 2006, Ne zaboltat iazik, Vremia, 21(365), p. 3. cited 02 June 2006. Embassy of RK. 2005. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. online. Available from http//www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 cited 30 whitethorn 2006. Demography. 2004. O chislennosti naselenia online.Available from http//stat.kz/stat/index.aspx?p=dem04-04&1=ru. cited 02 June 2006. Nazarbayeva, D. 2005. V Kazakhstane ne planiruetsya perevodit deloproizvodstvo tolko na gosudarstvennii yazik. Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid= shadowy&doc_id=30033184B cited 01 June 2006. Spravochnik iurist. 2005. Vopros akimu goroda Almaty.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&do cid=30036955 cited 02 June 2006.Olcott, M. B., 1997. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Online. Central Asian States An Overview of Fives Years of Independence.Available from www.ceip.org/people/mosenate.htm cited 02 June 2006.Omarov. B, 2005. Comitet po iazikam Ministerstva culture, informacii I sporta RK. Online. Skajite pojaluista.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined &doc_id=30029966 cited 01 June 2006.Shahanov, M., and Tereschenko, S., 2005. Problema yazika Online. Shahanova I Tereschenko reshili soobscha borotsya s kolonizatsiei.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30048383 cited 02 June 2006.Suleimenov, O., 2005. Problema yazika. Online. Vibori examen democratii.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30024571 cited 03 June 2006.

London in “Composed Upon Westminster Bridge” and “London” Essay

William Blake and William Wordsworth were both key figures of the amative era. Characterized by its emphasis on passion, emotion and creativity, the romantic Movement occurred in Europe in the late eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. Blakes capital of the United Kingdom(1794) and Wordsworths Composed upon Westminster straddle(1803) are good examples of poems from the Romantic era, as both poets share a sense of emotional involvement in their works.However, similarities between the deuce do not extend beyond their vernacular theme capital of the United Kingdom. Blakes dark and bitter portrayal of the city contrasts sharply with Wordsworths awe-struck account of a sunrise viewed from Westminster Bridge. Contrasts can be found in all aspects of the two poems, and both poets put ond a variety of techniques to effectively depict their very different feelings closely the sights and sounds of capital of the United Kingdom.The tone in Blakes London is one of bitterness and neg ativity, with him using such words as weakness and woe. The theme of the poem is a wide description of London, but withal specifically focuses upon the people and how they live their lives. The kind-hearted aspect of the poem is introduced early on with in every face. The poet has a very subtle draw close at getting his message of corruption across to the reader, but the feeling that is received from the poem is one of a strong nature.London consists of four quatrains (four government note alternately rhyming stanzas), with relatively short lines, emphasising the lack of embellishment and emotion in the poem. There is a rigid structure and rhyme scheme passim the poem. The rhyme scheme is clear (ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH) and the rhyme itself is strong, rhyming such words as curse and hearse together, thus corresponding with Blakes harsh views on London life. Blake uses iambic pentameter, except for the third quatrain, where dactylic pentameter is used instead. This pass alongs the poem a strong and steady meter as it is read, which helps to emphasise the monotony and duty of the lives Blake describes.The actors line is relatively easy to understand, and is not archaic, for example in every city of every man. However, some language is used that is not in use in the present day e.g. woe, blights and harlot. The language is surprisingly accessible for a poem that was written over two hundred eld ago. M any(prenominal) emotive words are used such as cry, fear, blood and plagues. Use of the word plague would have been peculiarly strong at the time of writing, as the poem was written only 150 years after the Great Plague itself. Blake uses lots of adjectives e.g. youthful woman of the street and hapless soldier, giving a clear picture of what he thinks London is about.The mental imagery that is used is mainly human, hapless soldiers sigh for example. When reading the poem, a clear picture is depicted of London without referring directly to London, but instead through the description of people and sounds. Lots of sound imagery is used I hear is mentioned twice, the word cry is repeated three times and thither is a soldiers sigh. Also, by describing the human attitude, Blake leads the reader to infer that London is not a very nice place, because, for example, there are youthful harlots, which demonstrate how innocent youth has been corrupted by the city. This is also evident when it says every infants cry of fear. The soldiers sigh, which runs on blood down palace walls is Blakes expression of exposing the guilt and responsibility of the wealthy (palace), ruling classes.Repetition is used a lot every is used five times, to emphasise the negative situation that Blake is alluding to is far-flung and affects everyone. The use of the word cry three times to stress sadness and desperation of the situation. The repetition of lines five to seven ensures that the reader is aware of the seriousness of the situation Blake is describing. The punc tuation in the poem is quite uncomplicated. Stanzas end with an end stopped line. Full stops and commas are used widely, but no exclamation marks. simplistic punctuation and lack of embellishment adds to the cold, realistic portrait of Blakes London. An elision is an omission of letters to aid rhythm. Blake uses a lot of elisions I wander thro , distributively chartd street . This demonstrates the importance of rigid structure and rhythm to the sense of this poem.In Wordsworths Composed Upon Westminster Bridge the tone is positive and there is a sense of awe and respect for the city demonstrated by the use of such words as majesty and nobleness in the poem. The universal theme of the poem is again of London, but this time focussing on aestheticism, nature and architecture, which can be seen from the view from Westminster Bridge at dawn.Composed Upon Westminster Bridge is a sonnet. The rhyme scheme used is ABBA ABBA DEDEDE. The rhyme is generally clear and regular, although Wo rdsworth does use para-rhyme in lines two and three shadowy would he be of intelligence who could pass byA sight so touching in its majestyAlthough the rhyme scheme is regular, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge does not feature any apparent rhythm pattern, and the poem has an almost prose- akin prime(a), which makes the reader think of the born(p), flowing, harmonious images Wordsworth is describing.Wordsworths language is in places quite old fashionedThis city straight doth, like a garment ,wearThe beauty of the morningThe language is also more elaborate than Blakes, for example, Blakes Thames does flow, whereas according to WordsworthThe river glideth at his own beatific willWordsworths language is also very emotive e.g. majesty, splendour and mighty heart, and he uses a lot of adjectives, e.g. smokeless straining, bright and glittering. Wordsworth uses a lot of natural imagery in the poem e.g. Earth has not a thing to show more evenhandedly, the beauty of the morning, the f ields and the sky. This helps to convey a sense of harmony between the urban and the natural. Further, through personification and pathetic fallacy, Wordsworth is up to(p) to give human marks to the city, adding to the sense that London is a living organism, a part of the natural environment. Personification is evident in lines four to fiveThis city doth, like a garment, wearThe beauty of the morningIn lines nine to tenNever did sun more beautifully steepin his first splendourIn line thirteen the very houses seem asleep. In the last line of the poem, Wordsworth speaks of the mighty heart of the city, which further adds to the sense that London is a living organism. Pathetic fallacy can be seen in line twelve, The river glideth at his own sweet will.Wordsworth uses a lot of enjambmentDull would he be of soul who could pass byA sight so touching in its majestyThis lends a smooth, flowing and gentle quality to the poem, and supports the emphasis placed upon nature in the poem. Simil es are also used, e.g. the morning is described as being like a garment. In this way, Wordsworth is able to detract from the commonly held idea that London is grim and threatening, and instead promote the idea that the city is friend trickeryr and more harmonised with nature. Wordsworth also uses contrasts to emphasise this harmonyShips, towers, domes , theatres, and temples lieOpen unto the fields, and to the sky.Use of punctuation in this poem is very interesting. Wordsworth only uses one full stop throughout, preferring instead semi-colons and commas, all of which help the poem to run smoothly. The poem also features three exclamation marks, which help to exaggerate the central idea. This effect is amplified by the inclusion of the expression Dear God. alone this helps Wordsworth to express how strongly he feels about London.The differences between these two poems are clear. For example, whereas Blakes tone is dark and bitter, Wordsworths is awe-struck and celebratory. Differenc es also arise in name of the theme or central idea of each poem. London deals with the human aspect of the city. It is set at night, and virtually ignores the environment of London. In this way, Blake is able to suck up the effect the city has on its people, and, by leaving the city itself undescribed, emphasises its position as a cold, uncaring place. In contrast, Wordsworth focuses entirely on the aesthetics of London at dawn, and the relationship between the urban environment and nature. By removing the human aspect of the city, Wordsworth can ignore the difficult lives of its people (as described by Blake) and scale down solely on the physical and natural aspects instead (note the smokeless air).The two poems are also structured differently, and feature variations in terms of rhythm and rhyme. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge is a sonnet, with a generally clear rhyme scheme and no apparent rhythm pattern. By using a oneness stanza, and an almost prose-like style, Wordsworth is able to express a flowing, smooth quality, mirroring the free, unrestrained natural aspects he deals with in the poem. London, on the other hand, features four quatrains, and is rigidly structured in terms of rhythm and rhyme. This allows Blake to highlight the monotony of the lives he discusses in the poem, and reflects the sense of duty and lack of free will involved in the struggles faced by the citys inhabitants (note the inclusion of a soldier, some one with no control over his own life).Blakes language is generally simple and easily comprehensible. By avoiding the elaborate language preferred by Wordsworth, Blake emphasises the lack of hope or joy in his city. Wordsworth, in contrast, favours a very snarly style of language, which adds to the celebratory mood of the poem. In both cases, the poets use language to effectively convey their opinions about London. Also, both poets use a lot of adjectives, which is characteristic of the involved, creative style of the Romantics. Imagery is central to both poems.However, Blake and Wordsworth use different methods to create a detailed picture of London for the reader. Wordsworth chooses to concentrate on natural, acquainted(predicate) images, and through the personification of these natural images, gives London a softer, less threatening identity. Blake chooses to paint a picture of London by describing the sounds which can be heard, and by giving details of the people that live there. Interestingly, Blake is able to give a very comprehensive image of London, without discussing the city directly. In this way, London is portrayed as nothing more then an influence on its people. Blake, unlike Wordsworth, does not see the city as an organism in its own right, and this is emphasised by his use of imagery.Finally, literary devices both Blake and Wordsworth employ clever use of literary techniques to aid the expression of their feelings towards London. Wordsworth uses enjambment to give Composed Upon Westminster Bridge a flowing, natural feel, and punctuation is used to maximise the celebratory tone (i.e. only one full-stop, use of exclamation marks). Blake uses repetition to emphasise his idea of the monotonous hardship and trouble of the people of London. His use of simple, unembellished punctuation helps to further convey this idea, by highlighting the rigidity and restriction which govern the lives of Londons inhabitants. Elisions are ofttimes employed to aid the rhythm, which demonstrates the importance of a rigid structure to the sense of London, in complete contrast with Composed Upon Westminster Bridge.Although London and Composed Upon Westminster Bridge both deal with the subject of London at a similar time in history, they share very little common ground beyond this. Blakes grim, desperate city seems a million miles away from Wordsworths elaborate celebration of a city at dawn. Although both poets use similar techniques to express their very different feelings about the sights an d sounds of London, these techniques, such as imagery and literary devices, give different effects in each poem, depending on how they have been used. These two poems may seem to be very similar, but Blake and Wordsworth have used lots of different methods to demonstrate beyond doubt their very different feelings about the sights and sounds of London.